【气候模型忽略了什么】Bjorn Stevens Sandrine Bony. What Are Climate Models Missing? Science 31 May 2013: Vol. 340 no. 6136 pp. 1053-1054

Abstract

Fifty years ago Joseph Smagorinsky published a landmark paper (1) describing numerical experiments using the primitive equations (a set of fluid equations that describe global atmospheric flows). In so doing he introduced what later became known as a General Circulation Model (GCM). GCMs have come to provide a compelling framework for coupling the atmospheric circulation to a great variety of processes. Although early GCMs could only consider a small subset of these processes it was widely appreciated that a more comprehensive treatment was necessary to adequately represent the drivers of the circulation. But how comprehensive this treatment must be was unclear and as Smagorinsky realized (2) could only be determined through numerical experimentation. These types of experiments have since shown that an adequate description of basic processes like cloud formation moist convection and mixing is what climate models miss most.

【土壤化感物质的流动性和微生物活性】Xiao-Jing Li Zhi-Chao Xia Chui-Hua Kong and Xiao-Hua Xu. Mobility and Microbial Activity of Allelochemicals in Soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013 61 (21) pp 5072–5079

Abstract

The action of allelochemicals in soil needs their presence in the vicinity of the target plants. Using a soil TLC combined with bioassay approach the mobility of 10 typical allelochemicals was evaluated. Ferulic p-hydroxymandelic p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids always had the lowest mobility (Rf < 0.1) whereas phenolic aldehyde and lactone (vanillin and coumarin) showed the highest mobility (Rf > 0.5). The Rf values of daidzein 1α-angeloyloxycarotol DIMBOA and m-tyrosine ranged from 0.24 to 0.32. Binary mixtures of these allelochemicals led to an increase in mobility factors for selected combinations. Phospholipid fatty acid profiling indicated that there were different soil microbial communities in the segments containing allelochemicals residues in t