【Review Article】Richard G. Burns Jared L. DeForest Jürgen Marxsen Robert L. Sinsabaugh Mary E. Stromberger Matthew D. Wallenstein Michael N. Weintraub Annamaria Zoppini. Soil enzymes in a changing environment: Current knowledge and future directions.Soil Biology and Biochemistry201358: 216–234.

Abstract

本篇综述集中讨论土壤胞外酶研究中一些重要和具有挑战性的方。我们对近期发现进行报道，确定需要重点研究的方面，并强调了与其他微生物酶学家一起合作会带来 的众多机会。最大的挑战是了解土壤的化学、物理和生物学特性是如何影响了酶的产生、传播、底物转化以及对生产细胞有用的产物比例。因此，调节胞外酶合成和 分泌的因素及其在表达后的分布对土壤酶研究者以及在更广泛微生物生态学领域都是重要的课题。此外，关于微生物及其胞外酶克服具有破坏性、抑制性和具竞争力 的土壤基质的方式，以及它们对有效培养基检测和利用所采用的多种策略仍有很多不确定性。木质纤维素的降解以及所涉及的多种酶如何对结构多样性和营养物质的 变化进行响应，可以作为在多聚大分子有机物中胞外酶活动复杂性的一个典型代表。虽然气候变化对微生物及其胞外酶影响的意义深远，但目前并没有得到很好的解 释，我们认为这是可以预测、评估和管理的。本文描述了控制胞外酶活动以进行生物修复，碳封存和促进植物生长等方面的最新进展。在传统方法和新技术开发和使 用的背景下，我们队如何分析土壤中酶活动和测试结果告诉了我们什么进行了讨论。最后，我们认为未来的胞外酶研究将既依赖于技术的进步，也同样取决于思维的 想象力，同时建立在不同学科间协同作用的基础上。

This review focuses on some important and challenging aspects of soil extracellular enzyme research. We report on recent discoveries identify key research needs and highlight the many opportunities offered by interactions with other microbial enzymologists. The biggest challenges are to understand how the chemical physical and biological properties of soil affect enzyme production diffusion substrate turnover and the proportion of the product that is made available to the producer cells. Thus the factors that regulate the synthesis and secretion of extracellular enzymes and their distribution after they are externalized are important topics not only for soil enzymologists but also in the broader context of microbial ecology. In addition there are many uncertainties about the ways in which microbes and their extracellular enzymes overcome the generally destructive inhibitory and competitive properties of the soil matrix and the various strategies they adopt for effective substrate detection and utilization. The complexity of extracellular enzyme activities in depolymerising macromolecular organics is exemplified by lignocellulose degradation and how the many enzymes involved respond to structural diversity and changing nutrient availabilities. The impacts of climate change on microbes and their extracellular enzymes although of profound importance are not well understood but we suggest how they may be predicted assessed and managed. We describe recent adva