2012年度室内优秀青年人才基金申请指南

Yan R Yang F Wu YH et al.. Cadmium and mercury removal from non-point source wastewater by a hybrid bioreactor. Bioresource Technology 2011 102(21): 9927-9932. （IF 4.365 工程技术，一区）

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to remove cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) from non-point source wastewater by a hybrid bioreactor consisting of two different processes (anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic and photoautotrophic). The results showed that the bioreactor could concurrently culture heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms and removed Cd and Hg from the wastewater successfully. The average removal efficiencies were 79% and 66% respectively for Cd and Hg. The relationship between Cd removal rate and biofilm mass was observed to be significant (p < 0.05) during different seasons. The Hg removal was mainly due to the bioaccumulation in macrophytes via a photoautotrophic process. Due to the increase of the bacterial diversity under the rejuvenated conditions modulated by the hybrid bioreactor the growth conditions of the native bacterial habitat were improved. The results demonstrate that the environmentally benign easily-deployed sludge free and cost-effective hybrid bioreactor can efficiently remove Cd and Hg from non-point source wastewater.

举办的国际国内学术会议一览表

Wu YH Liu JT Yang LZ et al.. Allelopathic control of cyanobacterial blooms by periphyton biofilms. Environmental Microbiology 2011 13(3): 604-615. (IF 5.537 环境科学，一区）

Abstract

    P>Periphyton biofilms are natural mixtures comprised of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic complex microorganisms. In this work the inhibition effects of periphyton biofilms on cyanobacterial blooms were studied in pilot and field trials. Results show that the cyanobacterial species responsible for the blooms had an upper nutrient concentration threshold below which it could not effectively compete with other organisms in the periphyton. The disappearance of the cyanobacterial blooms was due to the allelopathy between the cyanobacteria and periphyton biofilm. In particular it was found that the periphyton biofilm could produce water-soluble allelochemicals such as indole and 3-oxo-alpha-ionone to significantly inhibit the growth of the cyanobacteria. These allelochemicals are able to damage the thylakoid membranes of the cyanobacteria interrupt the electron transport in photosystem II decrease effective quantum yields and eventually lead to the failure of photosynthesis. A comprehensive discussion on the ecological consequences of these findings is also presented. This work demonstrates the potential of periphyton biofilm to be used as an environmentally friendly ecological engineering solution for (i) the control of cyanobacterial blooms and (ii) a transitional means for the construction of beneficial conditions for ecosystem restoration. In addition this work provides significant insights into the competitive relationships between algae and biofilms.

RR Senbayram M Lin XG et al.. Origin of positive delta(13)C of emitted CO(2) from soils after application of biogas residues. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 2011 43(10): 2194-2199. (IF 3.242 农林科学，一区）

Abstract

    Bioenergy production from renewable organic material is known to be a clean energy source and therefore its use is currently much promoted in many countries. Biogas by-products also called biogas residues (BGR) are rich in partially stable organic carbon and can be used as an organic fertilizer for crop production. However so far many environmental issues relevant when BGR are applied to agricultural land (soil C sequestration increased denitrification and nutrient leaching) still have to be studied. Therefore a field experiment was set up to investigate the degradation of BGR and its impact on the decomposition of native soil organic matter based on a natural abundance stable isotope approach. Maize a C₄ plant has been used as bioenergy crop therefore the δ¹³C of total C in BGR was −16.0‰_PDB and soil organic matter was mostly derived from C₃ plant based detritus SOM thus showed a δ¹³C of −28.4‰_PDB. Immediately after BGR application soil-emitted CO₂ showed unexpectedly high δ¹³C of up to +23.6‰_PDB which has never been reported earlier. A subsequent laboratory scale experiment confirmed the positive δ¹³C of soil-emitted CO₂ after BGR addition and showed that obviously the added BGR led to a consumption of dissolved inorganic C in soils. Additionally it was observed that the δ¹³C of CO₂ driven from inorganic C of BGR (BGR-IC) by acid treatment was +35.6‰_PDB. Therefore we suggest that also under field conditions the transformation of BGR-IC into CO₂ contributed largely to CO₂ emissions in addition to the decomposition of organic matter which affected both the amount and the carbon isotope signature of emitted CO₂ in the initial period after BGR application. Positive δ¹³C of inorganic C contained in BGR was attributed to processes with strong fractionation of C isotopes during anaerobic fermentation in the biogas formation process.

YH He JZ Hu ZY et al.. Removal of UV(254) (nm) matter and nutrients from a photobioreactor-wetland system. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2011 194: 1-6. (IF 3.723 工程技术，一区）

Abstract

    The output of organic pollutants and excessive nutrients in intensive agricultural areas has frequently occurred which easily lead to pollution events such as harmful algal blooms in downstream aquatic ecosystems. A photobioreactor-wetland system was applied to remove UV_{254 nm} matter and dissolved nutrients discharged from an intensive agricultural area in the Kunming region of western China. The photobioreactor-wetland system was composed of two main components: an autotrophic photobioreactor with replanted macrophytes and a constructed wetland. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between UV_{245 nm} absorbance and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the effluent of the agricultural ecosystem. When the hydraulic load of the photobioreactor-wetland system was 500 m³ day⁻¹ the UV_{254 nm} absorbance was dramatically reduced and dissolved nutrients such as TDP NO₃–N and NH₄–N were effectively removed. The overall average removal efficiencies were as follows in relatively steady-state conditions: UV_{254 nm} matter (66%) TDP (71%) NO₃–N (75%) and NH₄–N (65%). Simpson’s diversity index of zoobenthos indicated that the system could increase the zoobenthic diversity and improve the growth conditions of the zoobenthos habitat. The results also showed that the photobioreactor-wetland system could remove the UV_{254 nm} matter and dissolved nutrients providing a promising bio-measure for reducing the risk of pollution event occurrences in downstream surface waters.

    2011年10月10日至15日，由“土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室，江苏省生物质炭工程中心，中科院南京土壤所和中科院能源动力研究中心”联合主办的“生物炭研发与应用国际研讨会” 在南京顺利召开。共有来自中国、美国、澳大利亚、日本、英国、丹麦和新西兰7个国家的120多位专家、学者和企业家参加了会议。围绕生物炭的研发以及在土壤学、农学、生物能源等方面的应用，与会代表汇报了生物炭在土壤改良、温室气体排放、碳周转、污水处理、重金属污染修复、有机污染物降解、冰雪融化和面源污染控制等方面的最新研究成果并进行了广泛交流。另外，此次会议还讨论了生物炭系列标准制定的指导大纲，提出了生物炭研究存在的问题，为今后生物炭的研发和应用进一步明确了方向。会议期间，代表们还参观了南京土壤所生物炭田间试验江都基地和生物炭转化设备以及南京土壤所土壤标本馆等。此次生物炭国际研讨会的成功举办，对促进生物炭的研发和应用，以及国内外合作具有积极推动作用。

Gao YZ Yang Y Ling WT et al.. Gradient Distribution of Root Exudates and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rhizosphere Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2011 75(5): 1694-1703. (IF 1.866 农林科学，二区Top）

Abstract

    The gradients of root exudates and of persistent organic pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rhizosphere soil in proximity to the root surface are still not well elucidated. In this work a greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the distribution gradients of root exudates and phenanthrene and pyrene as selected PAHs in rhizosphere soil close to (0–8 mm) the root surface of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) as the host plant. Rhizosphere soil from the root surface (0–8 mm) was divided into three layers: the rhizoplane and strongly and loosely adhering soil. Root exudates were characterized as soluble organic C organic acids and total soluble sugars. In PAH-spiked rhizosphere soils the concentration of root exudates decreased with distance from the roots. In a sterilized treatment the amounts of root exudates in the three rhizosphere layers were higher than when the soil was not sterilized indicating that microbial consumption contributed significantly to the loss of root exudates in the rhizosphere. The residual concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene clearly increased in the order of rhizoplane to loosely adhering soil after 40 to 50 d which was significantly and negatively correlated with the amount of root exudates in the rhizosphere. In total 87 to 97% of phenanthrene and 69 to 79% of pyrene dissipated in all three layers of rhizosphere soil after 40 d and >99% of phenanthrene and 93% of pyrene dissipated after 50 d. The degradation ratio of PAHs decreased in rhizosphere soils with distance from the roots.

Chu HY Neufeld JD Walker VK et al.. The Influence of Vegetation Type on the Dominant Soil Bacteria Archaea and Fungi in a Low Arctic Tundra Landscape. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2011 75(5): 1756-1765. (IF 1.866 农林科学，二区Top）

Abstract

    Arctic vegetation communities vary greatly over short distances due to landscape heterogeneities in topography and hydrological conditions but corresponding patterns and controls for soil microbial communities are not well understood. We characterized and compared the most abundant phylotypes within replicate soil microbial communities (n = 4) underlying the four principal vegetation types in Canadian low Arctic tundra (dry heath birch hummock tall birch and wet sedge) using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of small subunit rRNA genes. We identified 10 major bacterial phylotypes. Although most were present in all soil samples their relative abundances differed significantly and consistently according to vegetation type. By contrast the fungal communities of all vegetation types were dominated by two common phylotypes. The communities of major archaea (11 identified) differed substantially among some of the vegetation types and even among replicate patches of the same vegetation type indicating large spatial heterogeneities that could not be attributed to the influence of vegetation type. Bacterial and fungal communities in all vegetation types were dominated by Acidobacteria and Zygomycota respectively. Archaeal communities were dominated by Euryarchaeota in tall birch and wet sedge although both Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota were abundant in the birch hummock and dry heath soils. We conclude that vegetation type exerts a strong influence on soil bacterial community structure and a relatively small and varying influence on archaeal and fungal communities in low Arctic tundra. Finally variation in bacterial community structure among the vegetation types was correlated with soil soluble N and N mineralization potential suggesting a close association between the relative abundances of dominant soil bacteria and N availability across low Arctic tundra.

Chen LM Zhang GL Effland WR. Soil Characteristic Response Times and Pedogenic Thresholds during the 1000-Year Evolution of a Paddy Soil Chronosequence. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2011 75(5): 1807-1820. (IF 1.866 农林科学，二区Top）

Abstract

    A paddy soil chronosequence consisting of five profiles derived from calcareous marine sediments with cultivation history from 0 to 1000 yr was studied to assess the dynamic changes in soil properties and major elemental mass balance during soil evolution and to understand the response rates of soil properties at different time scales. The threshold concept was applied to increase our understanding of paddy soil genesis processes. Results showed that 50 yr of paddy cultivation induced measurable accumulation of soil organic C (SOC) in the surface horizon and marked reduction of magnetic susceptibility (MS) soft isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM_s) and Ca Mg and Na elemental concentrations. Complete removal of CaCO₃ from profiles measurable profile differentiation of free Fe oxide (Fe_d) and total Fe clay illuviation reduction of hard isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM_h) and net losses of elemental P and Mn occurred during the 300- to 700-yr time period. Soil clay mineral composition and Si Al and K elemental concentrations showed little change in 1000 yr. The rapid changes in SOC MS IRM_s Ca Na and Mg within 50 yr primarily resulted from anthropogenic activities which are extrinsic thresholds. The noticeable changes in horizon differentiation of Fe_d clay illuviation and the decrease in IRM_h during the 300- to 700-yr time period indicate threshold values for carbonate which is an intrinsic threshold. In conclusion our data demonstrate that different soil components and properties have different transformation processes and associated rates influenced by anthropogenic activities and the soil carbonate status of the original soil.