Yunxia Wang Lianxin Yang Kazuhiko Kobayashi Jianguo Zhu Charles P. Chen Kaifang Yang Haoye Tang Yulong Wang. Investigations on spikelet formation in hybrid rice as affected by elevated tropospheric ozone concentration in China. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 2012 150: 63– 71.

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of elevated ozone concentration ([O3]) on grain yield of rice in relation to the changes in spikelet formation which plays a critical role in securing a sufficient number of spikelets per land area for a higher yield. Using a free air gas concentration enrichment (FACE) facility for O3 fumigation in China two contrasting rice cultivars were exposed to either ambient (38 ppb) or elevated [O3] (47 ppb) from tillering stage to final harvest in 2008. A 23% increase in [O3] decreased grain yield of Yangdao6 and Shanyou63 by 6% and 27% respectively. The yield loss was driven primarily by a decrease in the number of spikelets per panicle rather than changes in the other yield components. The large reduction observed in panicle size of Shanyou63 under ozone stress resulted from both the inhibition of spikelet differentiation and promotion of spikelet degeneration which was associated with decreased accumulation of nitrogen and biomass up to the heading stage. The results of this experiment indicated that the yield loss in rice under ozone exposure resulted primarily from negative effects on spikelet formation and that a better understanding of spikelet formation process is indispensable for the assessment of rice yield response to future higher ground-level [O3].

    2012年2月8-11日，由土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室、联合国粮农组织（FAO）和全球数字土壤制图计划（GlobalSoilMap.net）联合主办的“促进亚洲土壤信息科学与技术——‘全球土壤伙伴计划’亚洲土壤科学网络和‘全球数字土壤制图计划’东亚节点启动会”在南京顺利召开。本次会议由中国科学院南京土壤研究所和土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室承办。会议得到了FAO、中国科学院、国家自然科学基金委员会和科技部的资助。参加本次会议的代表80余人，分别来自日本、韩国、泰国、马来西亚、蒙古、印度尼西亚、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、斯里兰卡、柬埔寨、巴基斯坦、不丹、尼泊尔、中国等16个亚洲国家和地区，以及澳大利亚、英国、德国、奥地利、意大利、西班牙、荷兰、匈牙利等国家。
    会议开幕式由中国科学院南京土壤研究所所长沈仁芳研究员和土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室常务副主任张甘霖研究员共同主持。中国科学院国际合作局邱华盛副局长、国家自然科学基金委员会国际合作局张英兰处长、科技部国际合作局徐捷处长、农业部农业技术推广中心马常宝处长到会祝贺并致辞。英国雷丁大学Stephen Nortcliff教授代表国际土壤科学联盟致辞。FAO土地与水资源司处Ronald Vargas博士与澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织土地与水中心主任Neil McKenzie博士分别在开幕式上作了主题演讲。在主席台上就坐并发言的还有中国科学院资源环境科学与技术局庄绪亮处长、奥地利自然资源和应用生命科学大学Winfried Blum教授。
    本届会议旨在推进亚洲土壤信息科学与技术的发展，针对这一主题与会代表分别对东亚地区土壤信息的现状和存在的问题、土壤信息科学新理论和新技术的研究进展、数字土壤制图方法在获取高精度数字土壤信息上的突破和前景展望、数字土壤信息与全球性资源环境问题、东亚地区土壤资源信息科学与技术合作等议题进行交流与讨论，同时欧盟六国及澳大利亚等国科学家也就该领域现状及前沿科学问题分别作了相关报告并提出诸多宝贵意见。在与会代表的共同努力下，会议于2月11日共同起草并签署了“亚洲土壤伙伴计划南京公报”。公报达成诸多共识，并认为如下四点为今后的优先领域：1.在区域范围内外共享并转移土壤知识和新技术；2.为土壤和土地资源可持续利用的各利益相关方提供土壤信息；3.建立标准和不断更新的亚洲土壤信息系统并支持如“全球数字土壤制图”等全球土壤信息系统建设；4.培训土壤科学和土地管理领域新一代专家人才。为达成上述目标，与会人员同意建立“亚洲土壤伙伴计划”，而秘书处将设在中国科学院南京土壤研究所。
    中国科学院南京土壤研究所、土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室于2009年参与发起了“全球数字土壤制图计划”，并成为该计划的东亚区域中心，负责领导和协调东亚地区的相关研究工作，并与北美、南美、欧洲、非洲、大洋洲等中心一起构成了全球网络。2011年， FAO发起全球土壤伙伴计划（Global Soil Partnership），中国科学院南京土壤研究所、土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室被推选为其亚洲区域中心。此次会议的召开和相关决议的形成，标准着中国科学院南京土壤研究所、土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室在上述两个全球计划中亚洲中心地位的确立，对今后充分发挥区域中心的领导和协调作用，加强区域和全球合作，进一步提升中国在土壤信息科学领域的学术地位和国际影响力具有重要意义。

    由土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室主办的中欧土地及土壤中欧委员会（Sino-Europe Panel on Land and Soil）第二次会议于2012年2月7日在南京召开。出席会议的欧方代表有英国雷丁大学的Stephen Nortcliff 教授，奥地利维也纳的自然资源与应用生物学科学大学的Winfred Blum教授，德国汉堡大学的Mariam Akhtar-Schuster博士，匈牙利帕诺尼亚大学的Tamás Kismanyoky教授，欧盟联系研究中心环境与可持续研究所的Gergely Toth博士，西班牙欧洲土地利用与空间信息中心的Jaume Fons博士；中方代表有中国科学院南京土壤研究所沈仁芳研究员、张甘霖研究员，中国科学院、水利部水土保持研究所刘国斌研究员，中国科学院地理与资源科学研究所李秀彬研究员，中国农业大学孔祥斌教授，西南大学杨庆媛教授，广州大学吴志峰教授，沈阳农业大学王秋兵教授，中国地质大学吴克宁教授。会议由委员会联合主席、实验室主任沈仁芳研究员致欢迎词，双方以粮食安全为主题，就近年来中欧在土地及土壤利用变化中出现的一系列问题，如城市扩张导致的耕地减少、集约化农业导致的地下水耗竭、高强度土地利用对土壤和环境的影响等进行了阐述与讨论。在充分讨论的基础上，提出了中欧土地和土壤科学领域进行合作研究的优先主题，希望双方在相关合作框架内开展优先主题的合作研究。

    土地及土壤中欧委员会（SEPLS）是响应中国科学院与欧盟之间资源环境领域合作备忘录的建议，于2010年6月在意大利Ispra欧盟联合研究中心成立的，成员包括中欧双方在土地与土壤科学领域的一些知名专家。该专家小组联合主席现为沈仁芳研究员和欧盟联合研究中心的Luca Montanarella博士，秘书长为李秀彬研究员。土地及土壤中欧委员会的成立使中欧双方在相关领域的信息交流中更为方便、正式、严谨，在应对自然与社会经济系统对土壤与土地系统产生的威胁时，也能采取协调一致的行动。

Bo Sun Linxiu Zhang Linzhang Yang Fusuo Zhang David Norse Zhaoliang Zhu. Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China: Causes and Mitigation Measures. AMBIO 2012 41:370–379.

Abstract

Non-point source (NPS) pollution has been increasingly serious in China since the 1990s. The increases of agricultural NPS pollution in China is evaluated for the period 2000-2008 by surveying the literature on water and soil pollution from fertilizers and pesticides and assessing the surplus nitrogen balance within provinces. The main causes for NPS pollution were excessive inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides which were partly the result of the inadequate agricultural extension services and the rapid expansion of intensive livestock production with little of waste management. The annual application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides in China increased by 50.7 and 119.7% respectively during 1991-2008. The mitigation measures to reduce NPS pollution include: correct distortion in fertilizer prices; improve incentives for the recycling of organic manure; provide farmers with better information on the sound use of agro-chemicals; and tighten the regulations and national standards on organic waste disposal and pesticides use.

Xiaoke Zhang Qi Li Anning Zhu Wenju Liang Jiabao Zhang Yosef Steinberger. Effects of tillage and residue management on soil nematode communities in North China. Ecological Indicators 2012 13: 75–81.

Abstract

Soil nematode abundance community composition and biomass were determined in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station North China in order to evaluate the effects of tillage system (conventional tillage and no-tillage) and residue management (0 50% and 100% wheat residue incorporation-coverage) on the nematode communities. Two kinds of indicators (descriptive and evaluative) were categorized. Of the descriptive indicators residue management had a significant effect on the total nematode abundance biomass and trophic groups except for bacterivores. Of the evaluative indicators Shannon diversity (H′) generic richness (GR) nematode channel ratio (NCR) and enrichment index (EI) significantly increased with increasing residue quantity whereas dominance (λ) basal index (BI) and channel index (CI) exhibited an opposite trend. Significant tillage effects were observed on the trophic diversity (TD) EI CI and carbon production (P). The responses of nematodes to tillage and residue were genus-dependent. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that tillage explained 4.9% and 15.4% and residue management explained 5.2% and 13.1% of the variations in soil nematode abundance and biomass respectively. Different metabolic footprint characteristics of the food web were demonstrated graphically by enrichment and structure footprints. The evaluative indicators such as EI and CI were sensitive to both tillage and residue management. The descriptive indicators could be used to obtain an intuitive answer to the effect of residue management and the evaluative indicators were more comprehensive for interpreting the structure and function of the soil food web under different tillage and residue management regimes.

Jianling FanWeixin Ding Zengming Chen Noura Ziadi. Thirty-year amendment of horse manure and chemical fertilizer on the availability of micronutrients at the aggregate scale in black soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2012 19: 2745–2754.

Abstract

Purpose This study evaluates manure and chemical fertilizer effects on micronutrient (Fe Mn Cu and Zn) content and availability in crops.
Methods Seven treatments were selected including three conventional fertilization treatments (NP horse manure (M) and NP plus M (NPM)) three corresponding double rate fertilization (N2P2 M2 and N2P2M2) and a CK. Soil samples were collected and separated into four aggregates by wet-sieving in September 2009. Corn samples were collected and analyzed simultaneously.
Results Treatment N2P2 increased DTPA extractable Fe Mn and Cu in soil by 732% 388% and 42% whereas M2 decreased the corresponding values by 26% 22% and 10% respectively compared to CK. DTPA extractable Zn in soil and Zn in corn grain were higher in the M and M2 treatments than in the other treatments and DTPA Zn was significantly correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC) in large macroaggregate microaggregate and silt + clay fractions. The Mn concentrations in corn stalks and grain were significantly correlated with DTPA extractable Mn in bulk
soil and microaggregates and Zn in stalks were significantly correlated with DTPA Zn in bulk soil microaggregates and large macroaggregates.
Conclusions Long-term application of horse manure could increase soil Zn availability and uptake by corn possibly due to its activation by SOC. In contrast chemical fertilizer application increased DTPA extractable Fe Mn and Cu in soil by reducing soil pH. Our results also suggest that Mn uptake by corn originated mainly in microaggregates whereas Zn in crops was primarily sourced from large macroaggregates and microaggregates.

Zhou Xin-Bin Huang Jian-Guo Zhou Yong-xiang and Shi Wei-Ming. The mechanism on rhizosphere phosphorus activation of two wheat genotypes with different phosphorus efficiency. African Journal of Biotechnology 2012 11(7): 1579-1591.

Abstract

A short-term greenhouse experiment was carried out with two phosphorus (P) levels of purple soil to
investigate P availability and associated processes in the rhizosphere of two different P-efficiency
wheat genotypes using a thin slicing technique. Two genotypes with different P efficiencies were grown in a root-compartment experiment under low P (P 10: 10 P mg-kg) and high P (P 100: 100 P mg-kg) treatments. Results show that readily extracted forms of soil inorganic P were depleted by the two wheat genotypes depletion zones extended further adjacent to 4 to 6 mm. Enhanced depletion of sodium hydroxide extractable organic P apparent in the rhizosphere of high P-efficient wheat cultivar 10098 compared with low P inefficient wheat cultivar 10026 was related to the presence of greater concentrations of microbial biomass and higher soil acid phosphatase and phosphodiesterase enzyme activities. These results confirm that microorganisms and soil enzymic activities played important roles in the mineralization of soil organic P particularly under high P-efficient wheat cultivar 10098. These results suggest that improving P efficiency based on the character of P efficiency acquisition in Pefficient genotype would be a potential approach for maintaining wheat yield potential in soils with low P bioavailability.

    实验室徐仁扣研究员课题组研制的秸秆生物质炭改良土壤酸度技术获国家发明专利授权 (一种高效酸性土壤有机改良剂，授权专利号：ZL 2009 1 0036222.8)，与之配套的秸秆生物质炭制备装置获国家实用新型专利授权 (一种对农作物秸秆及其他有机物料进行炭化处理的装置，授权专利号：ZL 2010 2 0683459.3)，形成了从生物质炭制备到应用的技术链。该技术具有成本低、效果好、使用方便等优点，具有广阔的推广应用前景。

    2011年12月19日-28日，“稳定性同位素核酸探针（DNA-RNA-SIP）技术培训班”及“DNA-RNA-SIP技术研讨会”在南京顺利举行。本次培训班由中国土壤学会土壤生物与生物化学专业委员会、中国微生物学会环境微生物专业委员会联合主办；国家自然科学基金委重大项目、中科院人事教育局提供部分资助；土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室、德国马普陆地微生物研究所联合承办；来自国内外150余位青年学者参加了本次SIP培训班及技术研讨会。

    土壤学是21世纪的重要科学前沿，是在整体水平破译生物多样性形成与演化的重要模式；是认知生态系统物质与能量良性循环的重要载体，是农业可持续发展的科学内涵。分子生物学技术作为一种手段，为21世纪土壤科学特别是土壤微生物学的跨越发展提供了重要支撑。采用稳定性同位素示踪复杂土壤生命体系的遗传信息，如微生物核酸DNA-RNA，进一步分析13C-DNA-RNA，是揭示土壤生产力可持续发展的分子调控机制，准确认知土壤微生物多样性形成与演化的重要手段之一。2000年英国Colin Murrell 教授实验室发明了DNA-SIP技术，实现了单一微生物向复杂微生物群落研究的转变，为在群落整体水平揭示复杂环境重要生态过程的分子机制提供了关键技术支撑。DNA-RNA-SIP是在微观尺度研究宏观科学问题的重要手段，自2009年起已被写入全美微生物经典教科书（Brock Biology of Microorganisms）。然而，DNA-RNA-SIP技术仍处于一种定性描述阶段，有效分离稳定性同位素标记DNA-RNA、定量判定其标记程度仍是主要技术难点，当前DNA-RNA-SIP技术在我国的应用及研究报道较少。据此，南京土壤所土壤微生物研究团队联合德国马普陆地微生物研究所举办了“稳定性同位素核酸探针（DNA-RNA-SIP）技术培训班”，为50余位学员提供了实际操作机会，使学员系统掌握DNA-SIP的技术流程、数据分析、核心问题及应对策略。同时，针对SIP技术的发展趋势，邀请了国内外专家于12月22日举办了SIP技术研讨会，与150余位学员共同探讨SIP技术与新一代高通量测序技术在土壤微生物学领域的应用及前景。

    研讨会上，来自德国马普陆地微生物所的Marc Dumont博士首先做了题为“Perspectives on stable isotope probing: past present and future”的主题报告，深入浅出地介绍了SIP技术的发展历程及未来趋势；来自英国华威大学Murrell教授实验室的陈银博士做了题为“DNA-SIP与环境基因组研究”的报告，具体介绍了新一代测序技术与SIP技术结合的应用研究；随后，美国罗氏诊断产品（上海）有限公司的严怡雯博士详细阐述了新一代高通量测序技术在环境微生物基因组学和转录组学研究中的应用；中国科学院上海生物化学与细胞生物学研究所余兴明高级工程师深入剖析了超高速离心过程的基本计算方程；美国贝克曼库尔特商贸（中国）有限公司的周伟华博士重点阐述了超高速离心的三种方法；宁波大学裘琼芬博士详细介绍了稳定性同位素示踪土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸PLFA与rRNA的应用研究；南京土壤所冯有智博士具体分析了SIP技术应用于稻田土壤生产力可持续发展的微生物基础研究，贾仲君研究员系统总结了DNA-RNA-SIP的技术原理、技术流程、核心问题及应对策略。研讨会专家与来自全国各地29个不同科研机构的青年学者进行了热烈讨论。