2012年度开放基金课题申请指南

国家重点实验室开放基金课题申请书

国家重点实验室开放基金管理条例

    12月6日晚，在蒙蒙细雨中，中国科学院院长白春礼院士一行在南京分院党组书记、副院长张兴中、副院长谷孝鸿等陪同下，来到我室调研视察。我室赵其国院士、朱兆良院士、室主任及部分研究员出席了座谈会。

    沈仁芳主任首先简单介绍了研究所“一三五”进展情况及“十二五”期间科技园区建设规划，随后赵其国院士与朱兆良院士分别就土壤科学前沿领域的研究情况向白春礼院长做了扼要汇报。

    白春礼院长在讲话中充分肯定了我室在大型仪器共享管理方面所取得的成绩，并就土壤科学发展和科技园区建设提出了指导意见。他殷切希望土壤所在新的历史时期能进一步继承光荣传统，坚持正确定位，继续开创土壤科学事业发展新局面。

    陪同调研视察的还有中国科学院副院长詹文龙，办公厅主任李婷，基础科学局局长刘鸣华，高技术研究与发展局局长田静，生命科学与生物技术局副局长苏荣辉，资源环境科学与技术局副局长冯仁国等。

    国家重点基础研究发展计划 (973) 项目“粮食主产区农田地力提升机理与定向培育对策”2011年度总结报告会于12月4日在南京顺利召开。项目主管部门科技部和依托单位中国科学院领导、项目学术指导专家、项目咨询专家、项目专家组和项目承担单位的领导，以及来自中国科学院南京土壤研究所、中国农业科学院农业资源与区划研究所、浙江大学、南京农业大学、中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所、中国农业大学等课题主持和参加单位的学术骨干共80余人出席了本次会议。中国科学院南京土壤研究所蒋新副所长主持会议开幕式并致欢迎词。

    科技部基础研究管理中心钱万强博士代表项目主管部门科技部对项目的顺利实施和取得的阶段性成果给予了充分肯定，并从项目复评与经费追加、评审方式转变、项目公开力度增大和成果管理加强等方面介绍了“十二五”期间973项目改革的相关事宜。中科院资环局项目主管杨萍代表依托单位致辞，高度评价了项目所取得的阶段性成绩，并对项目提出了多出成果、多出人才、多出思想的要求和希望。中科院南京土壤所沈仁芳所长代表项目主持单位对延续性项目提出了更高的要求，希望明年项目中期评估时取得更大成绩。

    随后，各课题负责人分别汇报了典型地区农田生产力和基础地力演变规律及其驱动因素；农田土壤障碍因子消减机理与地力修复；土壤有机质转化与累积机理与调控；保护性耕作、秸秆还田和长期施肥对土壤水分、养分库容的影响；不同有机物料加入土壤后的降解转化过程及其生物学机理；以及典型区域农田地力定向培育理论与技术对策等六个课题的研究进展。专家都对各课题的具体研究内容和进展情况进行了深度点评，对已经开展的工作和取得的成果给予了充分肯定，同时对诸如进一步厘清一些概念、加强课题间衔接等提出了建设性的意见和建议。

    最后，项目首席科学家张佳宝研究员代表整个项目对各位领导、专家提出的宝贵意见和建议表示衷心感谢，也对相关研究人员的辛苦努力表示由衷感谢，并希望各课题组根据专家组的意见和建议认真总结、理清思路，以更好的成绩迎接明年的中期评估。

Shen WS Lin XG Gao N et al.. Nitrogen Fertilization Changes Abundance and Community Composition of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2011 75(6): 2198-2205. (IF 1.866 农林科学，二区Top）

Abstract

    The effects of N fertilization rates on the abundance and community composition of NH₃–oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are poorly understood particularly in greenhouse-based high-N-input vegetable soils. The abundance and community composition of AOB from these vegetable soils under five N (urea) rates in eastern China were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). These rates were: the conventional high N rate (N4) as 270 or 300 kg N ha⁻¹ season⁻¹ for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) respectively and 80% (N3) 60% (N2) 40% (N1) and 0% (N0) of the N4 rate. After 2 yr of a cucumber–tomato rotation N fertilization had significant effects on the abundance and community composition of AOB. The abundance of AOB amoA gene was significantly higher under the N2 (2.08 × 10¹⁰ kg⁻¹ dry weight soil) than under the N0 or N4 (8.74 or 8.75 × 10⁹ kg⁻¹ soil). The DGGE patterns were more diverse under N1 and N2 than under N3 and N4 with the greatest DGGE band numbers (15) under N2. Phylogenetic analyses of amoA gene fragments showed that AOB sequences from different N fertilization rates were affiliated with Nitrosospira species and grouped into Clusters 2 3 8 and 12. Our results indicate that a reduction to 40% of the conventional high N rate (N4) is practical to reduce N inputs while maintaining the abundance and community composition of AOB in such greenhouse-based vegetable soils.

Tang HY Liu G Han Y et al.. A system for free-air ozone concentration elevation with rice and wheat: Control performance and ozone exposure regime. Atmospheric Environment 2011 45(35): 6276-6282. (IF 3.226 环境科学，二区Top）

Abstract

    A system for free-air concentration enrichment with ozone (FACE-O₃) was installed in a field in Jiangsu Province of China to grow wheat and rice plants in either ambient [O₃] (A-O₃) or elevated [O₃] (E-O₃) without any enclosures. Ozone generated from pure O₂ and mixed with compressed air was released into the E-O₃ plots from a 14 m diameter octagon. The gas release was controlled for each E-O₃ plot with an algorithm based on wind direction wind speed and [O₃] at the center of the plot. With 1-min mean [O₃] the achieved elevation was within ±20% of the target which is 50% above A-O₃ for 94% of time and within ±10% of the target for 73% of time on average across 4 years from 2007 to 2010. Ozone fumigation ran on daytime but was withheld when ambient [O₃] was below 20 ppb or leaves were wet. The discontinuity in O₃ release resulted in the daily mean 7 h [O₃] (M7 900–1600 h Chinese Standard Time) in E-O₃ by only 24% higher than that in A-O₃. The average effective increase in AOT40 (accumulated [O₃] above the threshold of 40 ppb) was 115%. Ozone exposure regime in E-O₃ as characterized by M7 and AOT40 was compared with that in a scaled-up [O₃] (S-O₃) which was obtained by scaling A-O₃ by 1.24: the ratio of M7 in E-O₃ to that in A-O₃. For the same M7 E-O₃ had higher AOT40 than S-O₃ because E-O₃ had more high [O₃] peaks than S-O₃. The shift in AOT40 is only modest however and the [O₃] regime in E-O₃ was consistent with that in open-top chamber experiments in the past. This FACE-O₃ system can thus maintain elevated [O₃] in open field with modest alteration to [O₃] regime to an extent comparable to open-top chambers.